No, if you deleted the btrfs driver it would simply fail to mount due to the missing driver, if it’s a separate module in the first place. Same with LUKS, if you don’t have the tools or the drivers installed for it, it’ll just not mount it. You’d have to be accessing the drive directly with something like dd to corrupt it.

usually you can’t rmmod a module in use. even if it’s deleted from the FS it’s still present until reboot, but if the cipher module you are using was in that package and it also got removed from the initrd (which often is rebuilt after performing changes like that), you won’t be able to decrypt the LUKS container unless you boot another system (e.g. a live USB) that has the cypher module you need.

Never say never, but that is highly doubtful at best. The driver either is there or it isn’t and won’t mount anyway