So many people here will go though great lengths to protect themselves from fingerprinting and snooping. However, one thing tends to get overlooked is DHCP and other layer 3 holes. When your device requests an IP it sends over a significant amount of data. DHCP fingerprinting is very similar to browser fingerprinting but unlike the browser there does not seem to be a lot of resources to defend against it. You would need to make changes to the underlying OS components to spoof it.
What are everyone’s thoughts on this? Did we miss the obvious?
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I feel like I’m missing something here…
Who’s going to be fingerprinting DHCP messages on your home network?
Outside of that, fingerprinting or tracking any DHCP info would be the least of my concerns. You have 0 control over any data the moment your devices connect to a public network. What use is DHCP info when you can person-in-the middle all the traffic anyway?
And anyway, what info are you concerned about? Having had a VERY quick browse of RFC2131 the worst thing would be “leaking” the device MAC address which can be discovered via several other means anyway
I guess the hostname could be used to defeat MAC randomization if you use public WiFi like hotels, airports and coffee shops. You could probably identify repeat users if you cared enough.
But then your worry should be the security cameras not the WiFi, because that’s what’s gonna tie you personally to your device connecting.
Your router always knows your Mac address, no matter how you got your ip assigned. And yes, you can use it to identify the client - that is why it is there. This whole post is nonsense written by someone who doesn’t really understand what dhcp is or how it works. Long story short, don’t look for privacy on local Ethernet segment :D
Most modern operating systems randomize the MAC. DHCP does have extra fields such as the device’s hostname that can be used to counter that.
But as I said, that’s unlikely to be the weakest link. If you don’t trust the network you’re also likely in a public environment where people can just see you anyway.
Most modern operating systems randomize the MAC.
[citation needed]
having the option to randomize the MAC is not the same as actually doing that. There are also a few downsides to random MACs, like captive portals not remembering you on public WiFis.The default on android is to give every wifi network its own random but static mac.
Captive portals not remembering you between sessions is a huge bonus for captive portals with time limits.
Most modern operating systems randomize the MAC.
that doesn’t seem to be uniform behaviour. but i think we agree on the merit. if you are this paranoid, you just don’t use networks where you don’t have control over the local segment.
[admin@MikroTik] > ip arp print Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, H - DHCP, D - dynamic, P - published, C - complete # ADDRESS MAC-ADDRESS INTERFACE 0 DC 192.168.88.160 A2:35:xx:xx:xx:xx bridge 1 DC 192.168.88.159 F4:60:xx:xx:xx:xx bridge 2 DC 192.168.0.1 44:32:xx:xx:xx:xx ether1 3 DC 192.168.88.168 18:3D:xx:xx:xx:xx bridge 4 DC 192.168.88.156 70:BB:xx:xx:xx:xx bridge
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you just don’t use networks where you don’t have control over the local segment.
Easier said than done. Sometimes it’s not an option.
there is always an option. unless you are pressured by lets say some state authority or your employee, in which case your identity is probably well known and they don’t really need to spy on you through dhcp.
Long story short, don’t look for privacy on local Ethernet segment :D
You seem to be forgetting that a lot of people use portable devices on other networks than their home one.
i am not forgetting anything. using your portable device on network other than your own is your free choice and if you are such control freak that you are afraid of being spied on through dhcp, you probably should not do that.
Wear a mask and sunglasses so you just blend in.
See the linked page
You need to say more than that about what your concern is, especially on devices configured for Mac randomization and other privacy features.
Aruba is looking at the dhcp traffic and inferring information about the device. The device is not sending all of this data.
You can’t easily man in the middle https with encrypted DNS
Why would encrypted DNS help here? HTTP(S) uses IPs
IPs are arbitrary
DHCP only acts in local networks which is in 90%:
- home network where you trust every device to not spy on you
- office network where in most cases your emloyer provided you with the hardware. And in 10%:
- Public WiFi
The only thing leaked in DHCP is your MAC. Attacker can use this info to identify brand of our network adapter. Or if they have really huge database of laptop manufacturers attacker can identify your device. If you use VPN or TOR the only thing they know from now on is that you use VPN or TOR. And if they really have everything in that database they will be able to tell who bought that computer. So now attacker can only knows who is in their netwotk.
Which is useless in scenario 1. and 2. Where you already know who is in your network and owner of that network has no database to identify you based on your MAC.
In scenario 3. If we are talking about huge public networks like WiFi provided from your town. If infiltrated by 3 letter agencies which may have such database they could theoretically track your location based on which town network you connected to.
But you can protect yourself from this:
- Do not connect to public networks
- Your OS/Network card driver allow you to use random MAC address. Just enable random MAC in your network settings. In Android: WiFi > Select specific network > Privacy > Use randomized MAC.
Also take note some general location tracking can already be done through mobile networks.
The only thing leaked in DHCP is your MAC
This is not true. It also leaks your hostname by default and often your previously associated IP. There’s also vendor-specific “DHCP option” sets that can hold extra data too, which some OSes might use to leak additional info.
But the reasoning stays the same.
Does randomizing your MAC create any usability issues? Needing to log in repeatedly, getting bumped off network due to looking like a different device, anything else hindering usability?
No, you may have to re-login every time you connect, but once you connect, your MAC would be stable for that session.
I mean the only interesting data sent is the mac address, android phones spoofs that by default, using a separate mac adress for every network and on a debian based distro you can use https://packages.debian.org/stable/net/macchanger if you wanna spoof it when using your computer in the networks owned by others.
The hostname is also sent out, so generic hostnames or a hostname randomizer at boot is also useful.
Hostname, platform, OS version, software versions and other data are all sent.
Most commercial wireless networking software can fingerprint a device with a decent certainly
See the link
I used to provide commercial end-user support for a network intelligence product that used as much metadata as possible to help classify endpoints, shuffling them off to the right captive portals for the right segment based on that data.
I can tell you that the things you’re saying are transmitted in a DHCP request/offer are just not. If they were, my job would’ve been a LOT easier. The only information you can count on are a MAC address.
I can’t view that link you shared, but I’ve viewed my share of packet captures diagnosing misidentified endpoints. Not only does a DHCP request/offer not include other metadata, it can’t. There’s no place for OS metrics. Clients just ask for any address, or ask to renew one they think they can use. That only requires a MAC and an IP address.
I suppose DHCP option flags could maybe lead to some kind of data gathering, but that’s usually sent by the server,not the client.
I think, at the end of the day, fighting so that random actors can’t find out who manufactured my WiFi radio just isn’t up there on my list of “worth its” to worry about.
They are watching DHCP Discover option 55. The device tells the server what options it expects to receive, and different vendors and device ask for different options or ask for them in a different order, and they are fingerprinting that.
Cisco also describes the tactic: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/security/identity-services-engine/116235-configure-ise-00.html
The fingerprints are viewable at https://github.com/karottc/fingerbank/blob/master/dhcp_fingerprints.conf - it is more specific than a mac vendor but not extremely anti-privacy, anybody watching firewall logs will know an iPhone connected pretty easily too.
Okay, I do recall that our software had a feature that could classify on "DHCP requested options’, but it was low-fidelity, unreliable. Ultimately, the software works best with known devices, and isn’t very good at reliably classing unknowns.
As you say, just the first few seconds of actual traffic from a device is so rich in terms of ID characteristics compared to DHCP.
When your device requests an IP it sends over a significant amount of data.
Like…?
Read the article that they linked-to…
Link wasn’t there when the original post was made.
Using randomized MAC on my phone’s, and observing the behavior on my network. It works fine, the router can’t assign a ip to the device because the physical address changes. The os fingerprinting still works, the gateway knows what kind of device it’s talking to.
Android? How do I force it to use a random Mac every time? It pins a random Mac to a given network, which greatly reduces privacy between sessions.
Developer settings for newer androids.
GOS has it on by default https://grapheneos.org/features#wifi-privacy
How do I install this on non-Graphene OS?
Eh, I tried it. It doesn’t work. Even the option says that it “may” change the mac on reconnect.
What android are you running?
14
I mean, yeah. Lots of shopping centers have devices specialized on fingerprinting mac adress. It was already 10 years ago a thema that you should disable wlan and bluetooth if you go out of the house.
Phones randomized Macs
Oh right, i forgot that’s the reason Androids do this now too.
If you use systemd’s DHCP client, since version 235 you can set
Anonymize=truein your network config to stop sending unique identifiers as per RFC 7844 Anonymity Profiles for DHCP Clients. (Don’t forget to also setMACAddressPolicy=random.)
